Modulation of Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility by Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha −308 G/A and Lymphotoxin Alpha +249 A/G Haplotypes and Lack of Linkage Disequilibrium with Predisposing DQB1-DRB1 Haplotypes in Bahraini Patients

Abstract

necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) −308 G/A and lymphotoxin alpha (LTα) +249 A/G single-nucleotide polymorphisms were investigated in 228 type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients and 240 controls. Only LTα +249G allele and +249G/+249G genotype frequencies were higher among patients, and no linkage disequilibrium was found between TNF-α/LTα alleles and susceptible/protective DRB1-DQB1 haplotypes. TNF-α/LTα T1DM-susceptible (−308G/+249G) and protective (−308G/+249A) haplotypes were identified.