Cervical cancer in Morocco: a literature review on risk factors, prevalence, and healthcare challenges

Abstract

Cervical cancer (CC) stands as the second most prevalent cancer among women in Morocco, with an estimated annual incidence of 2165 cases and over 1199 associated deaths. However, the lack of a comprehensive national registry requires caution in interpreting these figures. This review highlights the examination of the epidemiological profile, diagnostic modalities, risk factors, treatment, and prevention related to CC screening within the context of Morocco. High-risk subtypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV) are the etiological cause of the disease in most cases. Underscoring the urgent need for a thorough understanding of its epidemiological landscape. Other risk factors as age of sexual debut, sexual partners and sexually transmitted infections, immunosuppression, smoking, and parity should be studied comprehensively. Treatment modalities for CC are contingent upon disease staging at diagnosis and the availability of local healthcare resources. Options encompass radical hysterectomy and chemoradiation. The Ministry of Health's endorsement of the vaccine in 2022 marked a significant milestone in combating cancer through prevention and treatment, as it integrated the HPV vaccination into the national vaccination program, targeting girls aged 11 years. Morocco's healthcare landscape underwent significant reforms, culminating in the implementation of compulsory basic medical coverage in 2020 to ensure equitable access to healthcare services for all citizens. Consequently, this proactive approach holds promise for enhancing care standards and substantially curtailing mortality rates attributable to cancer across Morocco in the coming years.

Keywords: Cervical cancer, diagnostic/screening, prevention, human papillomavirus, treatment, Morocco