Lithium titanate batteries for sustainable energy storage: A comprehensive review of safety, performance, and environmental impact

Abstract

This review covers Lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) battery research from a comprehensive vantage point. This includes electrochemical properties, thermal management, safety, advanced anode materials, surface modifications, performance metrics, SOC estimation methods, and synthesis. The focus is material characterization, doping strategies, composite materials, and their environmental and economic impacts. The novelty in this work manifests in integrating the latest advancements in the area, such as cutting-edge synthesis methods that improve the electrochemical performance and lifespan of LTO batteries. The analysis also evaluates the positive environmental impact, like being non-toxic and having a lower carbon footprint, and economic factors, like the potential for reduced lifetime costs. This review introduces future research directions, focusing on AI applications in SOC estimation and adapting LTO batteries for large-scale energy storage, highlighting their growing importance in sustainable energy systems. The review explains the potential for significant industrial growth with LTO batteries, signaling a move towards more dependable, effective, and environmentally friendly energy storage choices. LTO batteries are attractive for their high safety, long cycle life, and rapid charge capabilities.

Keywords Anode materials, Battery doping, Lithium titanate batteries, LTO, State of change estimation