Risk factors for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Casablanca-Settat region, Morocco: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

ntroduction hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major problem that increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Although the prevalence of this disease is high in the T2DM population, the risk factors for it remain understudied. The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors combined with hypertension in Moroccan patients with T2DM. Methods this cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2017 and July 2018 in primary healthcare centers. A total of 503 T2DM patients were included. Inclusion criteria: adults (≥18 years) with T2DM for ≥1 year. Exclusion criteria: type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, cognitive impairment, or missing data. Data on demographics, clinical history, and biochemical markers were analyzed using SPSS. Logistic regression identified independent risk factors, reported as adjusted OR with 95% CI. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results a total of 503 patients with T2DM were included (71% female, 29% male), with a mean age of 58.4 ± 10.2 years. The prevalence of hypertension was 70.2%. Patients with hypertension were significantly older (mean age: 61.2 ± 9.8 years vs. 52.6 ± 10.5 years, p ≤ 0.001). The most common cardiovascular risk factors were dyslipidemia (54.1%), obesity (mean BMI: 30.8 ± 5.6 kg/m2), and a sedentary lifestyle (50.6%). Multivariable logistic regression identified older age (OR: 4.74, 95% CI: 2.47-9.10; p ≤ 0.001), longer diabetes duration (OR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.14-4.53; p = 0.018), BMI levels (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.10; p = 0.019), dyslipidemia (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.28-3.33; p = 0.003), and therapeutic modifications (OR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.11-3.53; p = 0.020) as significant risk factors. Conclusion in this study, we found that hypertension is highly prevalent among patients with T2DM. Our findings indicate that older age, longer diabetes duration, therapeutic modifications, dyslipidemia, and higher BMI levels are significant risk factors for diabetes.

Keywords: Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Risk Factors, CVD, Morocco