Classification of Focal and Non-Focal Epileptic Patients Using Single Channel EEG and Long Short-Term Memory Learning System

Abstract

The process of inspecting electroencephalography (EEG) signals of patients with epilepsy to distinguish between focal and non-focal seizure source is a crucial step prior to surgical interference. In this paper, a deep learning approach using a long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm is investigated for the purpose of automatic discrimination between focal and non-focal epileptic EEG signals. The study is carried out by acquiring 7500 pairs of x and y EEG channels signals from the publicly available Bern-Barcelona EEG database. The manual classification of each signal type was visually done by two board-certified electroencephalographers and neurologists. Initially, every channel signals are pre-processed using z-score normalization and Savitzky-Golay filtering. The signals are used as inputs to a pre-defined Bi-directional LSTM algorithm for the training process. The classification is performed using a k-fold cross-validation following 4-, 6-, and 10-fold schemes. At the end, the performance of the algorithm is evaluated using several metrics with a complete summary table of the recent state-of-art studies in the field. The developed algorithm achieved an overall Cohen's kappa κ, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity values of 99.20%, 99.60%, 99.55%. and 99.65%, respectively, using x channels and 10-fold cross-validation scheme. The study pave the ways toward implementing deep learning algorithms for the purpose of EEG signals identification in a clinical environment to overcome human errors resulting from visually inspection.